What term is used to describe a mature female dog?

The term used to describe a mature female dog is "bitch." This terminology has roots in historical and biological classification. In animal husbandry and veterinary sciences, the term is standard and specific to female canines, distinguishing them from other female mammals. The use of "bitch" is widely accepted within professional and breeding communities to denote a female dog that is of breeding age.

In contrast, "queen" typically refers to a mature female cat, while "vixen" denotes a female fox. The term "jill" is used to describe a female ferret. Each of these terms is specific to different species and underscores the importance of using correct terminology in animal science.